National Park Rustic Style: Crafting Conservation through Interior Design + Architecture
Lobby of the El Tovar Hotel at Grand Canyon National Park | Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from the Library of Congress
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When it comes to the beauty and preservation of our national parks, it's difficult to overlook the incredible contributions of Mary Colter. An innovative architect and designer, Colter played a pivotal role in shaping the National Park Rustic Design Movement. Her work not only left a lasting impact on the architectural landscape of the parks but also created a harmonious connection between nature, native cultures, and man-made structures.
The Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park | Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from the Library of Congress
A Glimpse at the History
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, America was undergoing significant transformations. As the Industrial Revolution took hold, rapid urbanization and industrialization led to a growing sense of the need for natural conservation. During this time a social contract, the New Deal, was in action, developing parks to raise thousands out of poverty as a result of the Great Depression. It was in this context that the National Park Rustic Design Movement emerged.
The movement drew inspiration from various architectural styles, including Swiss chalets, Adirondack lodges, and Native American culture. Mary Colter, a trained architect, collaborated with Fred Harvey Company, the concessionaire for the Santa Fe Railroad, to design and build structures in national parks that would blend seamlessly with their surrounding environments.
Lobby of the Bright Angel Lodge at Grand Canyon National Park | Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from the Library of Congress
Mary Colter: An Architectural Visionary
Mary Colter's designs showcased her deep respect for nature and her commitment to preserving America's natural wonders. Her portfolio includes remarkable structures in several national parks, including the Grand Canyon, Mesa Verde, and the Petrified Forest. One of her most iconic works is the Desert View Watchtower in the Grand Canyon National Park. Inspired by the ancient Puebloan watchtowers, Colter incorporated indigenous architectural elements into her design. The tower stands as a testament to Colter's ability to seamlessly merge historical influences with modern functionality.
Hopi House by Mary Colter to resemble Hopi Tribe Pueblo | Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from the Library of Congress
Another noteworthy example is the Hopi House, also located in the Grand Canyon National Park. It was constructed using local materials like limestone and timber, styled after traditional Hopi dwellings. Colter's meticulous attention to detail and respect for Native American cultures shine through in this beautiful structure. More about Mary Colter here.
The Impact of the National Park Rustic Design Movement
The National Park Rustic Design Movement, with Mary Colter at its helm, revolutionized the way we perceive and interact with national park architecture. By blending structures harmoniously with their natural surroundings, Colter ensured that human interventions did not overshadow the inherent beauty of the landscapes.
The movement emphasized the use of regional materials, natural designs, and traditional craftsmanship. It fostered a connection between visitors and the parks, instilling a sense of awe and respect for the environment. The resulting structures became important landmarks, capturing the spirit of the national parks and the heritage of their respective regions.
Major Design Elements
Rustic Furnishings at Mount Rainier National Park | Photo by Jack E. Boucher from the Library of Congress
Blend man-made structures with the surrounding natural environment, using materials that harmonized with the landscape like stone or wood.
Use locally sourced materials such as stone, timber, and logs, making them visually consistent with the region's natural elements.
Focus on functionality and practicality, with an emphasis on creating a comfortable experience for visitors while showcasing the beauty of the natural setting.
Handcrafted elements, such as hand-carved wooden furniture, stone masonry, and wrought ironwork, showcasing the artistry and skill of craftsmen. Check out the Arts + Crafts Movement and Frank Lloyd Wright to learn more about handcrafted design.
Expose structural elements such as beams, trusses, and stone columns. These were often left exposed, allowing visitors to appreciate the craftsmanship and artistry involved.
Feature organic shapes and flowing lines that mimicked the natural surroundings, avoiding sharp angles and rigid geometries.
Choose Earth tones and natural hues, such as browns, greens, and grays.
Design for minimal impact on the environment, incorporating sustainable practices such as energy-efficient designs, locally sourced materials, and water conservation techniques.
National Park Rustic Movement also focused on preserving and restoring existing historic structures, ensuring that architectural heritage was maintained.
Lookout Studio at Grand Canyon National Park | Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from the Library of Congress
Social Implications to Note
It is important to acknowledge the struggles the parks have had with inclusivity and issues of racism like segregation and displacement of Native peoples. Architects and designers today continue the work of connecting users to nature, while creating a new narrative of inclusivity and acknowledgement of past social injustices. Studios are programming and proposing new space types of community for healing and learning, with Native peoples taking part in the conversation and project development. This article from Harvard reflects on making American National Parks “more accessible, more inviting, and more welcoming”.
As fall creeps in and we retreat to nature for hiking, camping, or lodging, or if you are lucky enough to visit a national park, take a moment to appreciate the incredible legacy of the National Park Rustic Design Movement, the social ills of past and present, and Mary Colter's role in preserving America's natural wonders and the example set for generations to come.
XO,
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